History of Semiconductors.
Think about the device in front of you as you read this blog. How easy your life has made it. The effects of semiconductors exist in every step of daily life. There is no doubt that the semiconductor world has changed and is constantly changing.{tocify} $title={Table of Contents}
Although the history of semiconductors is
very large and complex, it is not possible to discuss it very briefly, but I am
highlighting some issues through this blog.
The term semiconducting was first used by Alessandro Volta
in 182. According to many, semiconductors were born around 184 with the
invention of the rectifier. In 1947, the University of Pennsylvania developed a
computer with the help of a vacuum tube.
The use of vacuum tubes results in
huge occupancies and requires a huge amount of electricity with an entire
building.
Centuries later, in 1948, John Bardeen and Brattain
invented the point-contact transistor at Bell Labs in the United States.
William Shockley later invented the junction transistor in 1948 and ushered in
the transistor era. After the invention of the transistor, it became smaller in
the form of a calculator (the computer).
In 1956, William Shockley, Bardeen and
Brattain jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their contributions to
semiconductors and for their research and development of transistors.
After the invention of transistors, the semiconductor
industry began to expand very fast. By 1958, it had already surpassed the 100
million scales. While working on the Texas Instrument in America, Jack Kilby
invented the bipolar IC in 1959, a landmark in the history of semiconductors.
The semiconductor industry has reached another stage of astonishing the world,
as it is small in size and light in weight, it is widely used all over the
world.
With the introduction of the Texas Instrument on the market
in 1958, Japan made one surprise after another with the advent of electronic
desktop computers. New technologies to make IC smaller keep coming.
Below are some techniques to reduce IC:
Name
|
Year
|
Transistor Count
|
SSI (small-scale integration)
|
1964
|
1 to 10
|
MSI (medium-scale integration)
|
1968
|
10 to 500
|
LSI (large-scale integration)
|
1971
|
500 to 20 000
|
VLSI (very-large-scale integration)
|
1980
|
10 000 to 99 999
|
ULSI (ultra-large-scale integration)
|
1984
|
100 000 and more
|
Ever wondered if the Core i7 processor on your table has
about 631 million transistors, but it's 1.6 square inches. You will never see
the inside of this chip without a microscope.
Electrically conductive substances are mainly divided into
three categories:
Conductor
All the substances through which electrons can
easily flow are called superconductors. Such as copper, iron, gold, etc.
Semi-Conductor
Substances through which a certain amount
of electrons, i.e. electricity, can flow are called semiconductors. Such as:
silicon, germanium, etc.
Insulator: Substances through which electricity cannot flow
are called insulators. Such as glass, plastic, paper, wood, etc.